Cultural Anthropology Midterm Study Guide

Anthropology 2 Midterm Study Guide: Professor Li Zhang Midterm Date: October 30, 2012 Week 1 What is the scope of cultural anthropology? Discuss its focus of inquiry, approach, and major changes over time. ?Cultural anthropology is concerned with the nature and extent of social and cultural differences among different societies. Focus on Inquiry: Why there are different cultures and how they came about and are affected or changing. Focus on Approach: Approaches could be urban, political, legal, medical, psychological, environmental, feminist, etc. Goals: ?Understanding how differences among societies are shaped. Understanding the unequal power relations between societies produced by colonialism, imperialism and contemporary global practices. ?To compare the perspectives of different societies and how each of them interprets the world. Changes in cultural anthropology over time: ?Used to be a way to proves inferiority of others and justify oppression and ethnocentrism. Now its mostly about being critical of inequality, ? We also do fieldwork in western, ‘developed’ countries. ?There is more globalization now. ?Early anthropology focused on studying isolated, tribal societies. ?Over time they began to study large urban industrial societies. Today the scope of cultural anthropology has expanded into various subdivisions, such as urban political, and medical. Compare the two major schools of early anthropological thought: British social anthropology and French structuralism in terms of their primary concern and focus. British Social Anthropology: ?Emerged in early 20th century. Main founding figure was Malinowski. ?Radcliffe-Brown, Evans-Pritchard, Gluckman, and Leach also were important figures. ?Two theoretical foundations were functionalism and structural functionalism: 0Functionalism – Explanation of why certain social institutions exist. Explains the cultural responses to basic individual needs that are biological and/or physiological. 0Exa mple: cannibalism may be explained through a survivalist function ?Structural Functionalism – Concerned less with individual needs and actions and more with the place of the individuals in the social order. ?Figures out the relationship of individuals to the larger social body. ?Example: Cannibal Tours – colonists arrived and stripped villages of sacred objects and introduced European monetary system to make the villagers subordinateDuring these early years, social anthropology was deeply intertwined with the British colonial government that provided the financial support for research and teaching in anthropology. The primary interest was in Africa – to study their languages and generate knowledge about their political and legal systems. French Structuralism ?Primary figure in school of thought is Levi Strauss. ?Focused on the elementary structures of kinship, mythology, and language. ?Some concerns include the patterns or underlying structures and how seemingly unrelated things may actually be from a complex system of interrelated parts. Form is emphasized over content. ?The internal logic of a culture and its relationship to the structures of human society and human mind. Comparison: ?Both schools of thought are concerned with studying the structure and layout of the society. ?British social anthropology is concerned more with the relation of the individual to society while French structuralism is concerned with how individuals are connected to one another to form the society (mythologies, language, human mind). Week 2: How does Edward Taylor define â€Å"culture†? Discuss the four key aspects of culture by providing one example for each aspect. Examples can be drawn from the readings, films, or other sources including your own observation. British anthropologist Edward Taylor defines culture as: â€Å"a complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by a man as a member of society. † The four elements of culture are: 1. Culture is learned. ?Culture can be learned consciously and unconsciously through interacting and imitating the people around us. It can happen in informal settings such as your home, or formal places like churches and schools. Example: as children we learn to imitate words we hear adults speak and learn to speak the language. Proper etiquette is taught by looking at how others behave or from interacting with people who teach it to them. 2. Culture is shared. ?Members of a group share common beliefs, values, memories, and hope. ?Example: American culture is identified with individualism, while Chinese culture is identified with collectivism. This difference can be seen through the food and meals they choose. Americans usually don’t like to share their meals and order individual plates while the Chinese typically share their food and eat family-style. Example: â€Å"Eating Christmas in the Kalahari† by Richard Lee 0For Christmas, Lee buys the largest ox to show his gratitude for the Bushmen’s hospitality during his stay. He becomes confused when everyone in the village says that the ox he bought was no good and that is has no meat on it. 0In Bushmen village, it is part of their culture and tradition to insult each other so that people don’t become arrogant. Lee learned this by asking the Bushmen about it, showing how culture is shared by communication and interaction. 3. Culture is symbolic. Creation of culture depends on the human’s ability to use symbols and be able to have symbolic thought. ?We are able to give meaning to a thing or event and grasp the meaning. It can be arbitrary and conventional and depends on the social context that is widely accepted by society. However, the context can vary for each society. ?Examples: -McDonalds has become a symbol of fast food and unhealthy eating in America, but it is viewed as high class and modern in China. ?Colors tend to have symbolic meanings attached to them. Red represents love, yellow represents life, black represents death, etc. . Culture is dynamic. ?Culture isn’t a static cage to lock people in. It is something that changes over time. ?People use their culture creatively and actively instead of rigidly following the rules. ?There are some differences in culture between groups and societies, but the differences aren’t absolute. ?Cultural hybridization allows different cultural traditions and practices to merge together. 0Examples: – Food culture: fusion of food features a combination of different elements of cultures from all over the world. – Western psychotherapy combines Buddhist meditation with western psychology.What is ethnocentrism? Why is it problematic? In your discussion, draw examples from either Bohannan’s â€Å"Shakespeare in the Bush† or the film Cannibal Tours. How would a diffusionist argue against ethnocentrism? Ethnoce ntrism is the tendency to use one’s own culture as a yardstick to measure other cultural practices and beliefs. †¢Tendency for people to see their own culture as superior and natural. People make judgments according to their own cultural lens, giving them a narrow perspective; they see all other cultures as inferior to theirs.Examples: Cannibal Tours: The western tourists continuously compared the natives’ lifestyle to their own and saw their culture as primitive and backwards. They saw the natives as uncivilized and poor people who lacked the technology they possessed back at home. Bohannan’s â€Å"Shakespeare in the Bush†: While reading through Hamlet, both the storyteller and the audience exhibit ethnocentrism. What Bohannan took for granted and viewed as common sense were things that the elders did not understand because it didn’t exist in their culture.Ghosts and the afterlife did not exist in the native’s culture, and young people should not fight against their elders. Elders constantly made remarks about the play as if they knew what was going on, believing that they were telling her the true meaning of Hamlet and how her interpretation of Hamlet is actually wrong. According to Franz Boas, no culture is pure and authentic. Instead, cultural boundaries are porous and cultural exchanges have long existed in human societies. 0Diffusionism shows that all cultures are interrelated to one another, so ethnocentrism does not exist. In Ralph Linton’s â€Å"One Hundred Percent American,† he shows that cultures are not 100% from their own country and that culture is diffused and adapted by various places as part of their culture. What is cultural relativism? Discuss its pros and cons. What is your take on it? Support your argument with evidence and analysis. Cultural Relativism is the view opposite of ethnocentrism: believes that one shouldn’t judge the values and practices of other people accordi ng to their own standards. †¢The main idea is to see things from the point of view of those who live their lives.This allows the anthropologist to fully appreciate another culture. Pros: ?Objective approach in doing research; helps anthropologists another culture more thoroughly. ?Promotes unity between cultures and between groups of people in general since it would help people respect and understand each other. Cons: ?Helps justify controversial practices such as female genitalia mutilation, cannibalism, animal sacrifice, etc. *I am of the opinion that cultural relativism is an important philosophy to apply to any anthropological research, however a delicate balance must always strive to be maintained.To me, respect should always be asserted, but human rights should have authority over political correctness. †-malinowski According to Malinowski, what is a holistic approach to doing ethnographic research and why is it important? What constitutes the proper conditions for ethnographic fieldwork? Explain three central ethnographic techniques (don’t just list them, but explain in greater detail). A holistic approach in doing ethnographic work is to understand a culture as a whole and all aspects are connected/intertwined and must be understood in relation to one another. The goal of the ethnographer should be to provide an anatomy of the culture, understand the facts and put the focus into a broader context. †¢You must understand that all the small institutions of a culture, such as religion, education, kinship, are all related to one another in order to grasp the meaning as a whole. †¢The proper conditions for ethnographic fieldwork is to observe the details of the natives’ family and communal life by staying as close in contact with them as possible and cutting yourself off from the company of anyone else other than the natives.You must immerse yourself into the local society for a long duration because there is a difference b etween sporadic plunging into the company of the natives and really living with them and connecting with them. Three central ethnographic techniques: 1. Observation and participant observation. ?Careful and detailed observation is important to collect data to answer questions, which requires a lot of patience. ?You should try to be objective and keep away from any bias thoughts or else the collected data will be compromised.You must also remember to be invisible and make sure they don’t know they are being observed or else the data will be inaccurate. ?Participant observation is when you participate in events with the natives in order to analyze and take notes. 0This allows you to get closer to the natives and helps you to better understand their culture through your experience and interaction with them. 2. Interviews. ?Interviews involve asking several individual questions to get a better understanding of the culture from a native’s point of view. The goal of the inte rviews is to see a pattern that emerges in the answers you receive. ?Interviews can be informal, semi-structured, or structured. ?Informal interview – an interview that doesn’t follow a straight schedule and takes advantage of the opportunity when it arises. ?Semi-structured / structured interview – interviews that are planned out with the questions you want to ask written down and planned beforehand. 0Semi-structured interviews may have some open ended questions. 0Interviews are the most effective method and are the core of ethnographic research. When you interview people you know, you may get introduced to people that you could possibly interview, and you can therefore gather up more data and opinions for your research. This is called the snowballing effect. 3. Key informants and life histories. ?Also called cultural consultants. These people are important figures that are able to give you more insight and information in various aspects of a culture. 0They are the few people who are willing to tell you more and explain in clear details while incorporating their personal experience to help you understand.Key Informant: Someone you build an amicable relationship with, who acts as a representative of the culture. Generally someone in a high position who will be able to explain the ins and outs of the culture from an intimately informed POV. What are the core issues in the code of ethics for anthropologists (discuss at least three)? Why is it important to follow them? The three core issues in the code of ethics for anthropologists include: 1. Full disclosure. ?It is important for the anthropologist to be open and honest to the people s/he is studying. Must inform them of every aspect of the study and any consequences that may happen as a result of the study. 2. Informed Consent. ?The people being studied must be well informed about the procedure, and the anthropologist must have them sign a paper or ask for verbal consent before proceeding w ith the study. 0This is to make sure that they have fully agreed to the terms and have proof that they have willingly volunteered themselves. 3. Potential Harm. 0It is the anthropologist’s duty to inform the subject of any consequential harm that may come to them. The anthropologist must ensure not to harm safety, dignity, or privacy of any parties involved. ?It is important to follow the code of ethics in order to avoid any lawsuits and also to make sure that the people being studied are well informed and know exactly what they are signing up for so that no harm will come to them. Week 4: Today most anthropologists recognize that race is a social construct that does not have a biological reality. Discuss how Boas and Montagu each defend this view. What evidence from modern genetics does the film â€Å"Race: The Power of an Illusion† provide to further support this position?Franz Boas also referred to as the â€Å"Father of American Anthropology,† talks about ra ce as a social construction in his paper, â€Å"Mind of Primitive Man† ? He believes that racial groups never existed, and that races are not as pure as we imagine them to be because migration patterns in the past intertwined cultures together and created diverse groups of people. ?Boas talks about purity and boundedness, stating that biological significance is only possible when races have uniform, closely inbred groups where family lines are alike. However, these conditions can’t be achieved with humans, especially in large populations. He also argues about the instability of populations, meaning that the physical and psychological attributes of people are dynamic and fluctuate constantly to adapt to various circumstances. 0The biological, linguistic, and cultural traits of people are the product of historical development and the environment. Ashley Montagu in her article, â€Å"The Concept of Race in the Human Species in the Light of Genetics,† uses the idea of cooking an omelet as a metaphor for the making of race. 0When an omelet is made, the end result may all look the same, but the ingredients used to make the omelet may vary.This is the basis for the anthropological view of race in that although groups of people may have different appearances and characteristics, everyone is essentially the same. 0His argument is based on modern genetics, stating that no two humans are genetically identical to one another, therefore races cannot categorize groups of people since they don’t share the same genetic background.  ¦Racial characteristics are artificial and have no genetic base. Example of the use of modern genetics in the film, â€Å"Race: The Power of an Illusion. †¢In the film, a group of students performed an experiment to compare genetic similarities to other classmates using blood samples, skin color, and saliva swaps. The result of the experiment turned out to be different from what they expected. The students found that their genes were most similar to people they least expected, and that there was no correlation between their genetic patterns and their skin color. †¢Dr. Richard Lewontin, with the use of gel electrophesis, found that 85% of all variations among humans are between individuals of the same local population. There is as much difference between two individuals of the same race as there is between individuals of different races, so race can’t be determined biologically. What is scientific racism? Why is it flawed and dangerous? Use one of the examples discussed in the lecture to support your argument (Morton versus Gould or The Bell Curve). How do anthropologists understand gender and patriarchy? Provide two examples (from the lecture or your own observation) to show that gender roles change from society to society and from time to time.Scientific Racism is the attempt to prove â€Å"scientifically† that some â€Å"races† are not just different, but superio r to others. 0Scientific techniques and observations are usually utilized to prove this belief but the collected data is usually inaccurate and tainted with racist beliefs. Example: Dr. Samuel George Morton versus Stephen J. Gould. †¢Samuel George Morton attempted to prove that some races were superior to others by measuring the skulls of people of different races,  ¦He believed that the cranial capacity of the skulls would tell how intelligent people were. His results concluded that white people were the superior race among other groups, because his measurements showed that they had the largest skulls compared to the others. ?Stephen J. Gould repeated the research and found several errors with Morton’s conclusion. 0Morton manipulated his data by including more female skulls for blacks than for whites, so the measurement for the skulls of the blacks turned out to be smaller. 0When Gould measured again fairly, the average size of a black person’s skull turned out to be much larger than the skull of a white person’s. The data was manipulated because of Morton’s bias. His beliefs caused him to already have the results in mind that he wanted, regardless of what is actually true. Example: The Bell Curve 0A book written by Richard J. Hernstein and Charles Murray: argues that blacks carry inferior genes of intelligence compared to whites, and so they naturally score lower on IQ tests.  ¦Their low IQ scores are what prevent the blacks from attaining a higher level job, and it is also because of their low intelligence that they have a higher crime rate. The controversy that comes with this claim is that if the government agrees with it, then the blacks should not receive social welfare for their low-income families because they are genetically inferior. Scientific racism is usually incorrectly proven using data that has been deliberately altered to support bias beliefs, so the results are not accurate. The danger that can result fro m this if it is actually proven, the groups may be neglected or abused, or at the very least treated with social injustice. Gender – All the traits that a culture assigns to and indicates in men and women. It is a social construct of male and female characteristics and roles. ?Gender differences come from culture rather than biology. ?Patriarchy – A social and political system rule by men in which women have inferior social and political status. 0Females are carried out as subordinates to men in this system. Most common in patrilineal societies (involving counting the descent line of the father’s line, which includes property inheritance, names, titles, etc. ) Examples of gender roles changing between societies and through time: ?Forager/hunter and gatherer societiesThis type of society shows a typical gender division of labor. Men were responsible for hunting and fishing while women were responsible for gathering fruits and nuts. Men would usually bring in more food than women, so the men had a higher social rank in these societies. When women are the ones to contribute more food, then the women would have an equal relationship with the men. ?Agriculture societies Men are assigned to heavy labor such as plowing the field, while women are responsible for domestic work, child rearing, and light far work around the house. These societies tend to have a stronger gender inequality. Industrial societies Gender roles in industrial societies tend to change over time in response to economic conditions and social climates. Before the 1900s, it was common for men, women, and children to work in factories. Things began to change in the 1900s with the large influx of immigrants that increased the male labor force and also brought up ideas that women weren’t fit to work in the factories and should stay home and take care of the kids instead, During WW2, things changed again as men are drafted into the military and women began working in factorie s again to fill the gap.The women’s return to the factory was received in a positive notion and was even viewed as patriotic. What are gender stereotypes? What is the role of advertising in making and reinforcing gender stereotypes and normalcy? Draw two concrete examples from the film (Killing US Softly) in your discussion. Gender stereotypes – oversimplified yet strongly held ideas about the characteristics of men and women. Advertisements mainly target women and girls about beauty and the ideal body they should have, as well as a childlike / quiet demeanor. Many girls express the fear of being fat, and the number one wish of girls between the age of 11-17 is to be thinner. ?Most of the people who suffer from eating disorders are girls who are self-conscious and obsessive about their body. Examples in Killing us Softly: ?Ads of women of color tend to show them with animal prints which turn them into animals rather than human beings. ?Ads about women who lost weight t ypically say they were able to get married because they lost weight.This gives the idea that women who are fat probably won’t ever get married, and this serves to lower women’s self-esteems even further and increase their drive to become skinnier and purchase products to expedite the process. ?Images of thin women are often used to silence women and put them down. ?Ads show pictures of women exhibiting passive body language such as their hands over their mouths and faces. ?When there is an ad of a man and a woman, the man is usually taller and is looking down at the woman, while the woman looks up and smiles compliantly. This encourages female submission to men and conveys the message that women should be quiet and obedient. According to Martin’s article, how do stereotypical gender roles shape scientific accounts of the egg-sperm romance? Stereotypical gender roles shape scientific accounts by how the sperm and the egg are described and how they function. ?The sperm is described as masculine, active, agile, and penetrating, while the egg is described as passive, feminine, fragile and dependent. ?The egg is portrayed as a damsel in distress who waits quietly in a still spot for her knight in shining armor, the sperm, to fight his way to her. The female reproductive system is seen as wasteful and a failure while the male reproductive system is seen as productive. ?Scientists question why women are born with so many eggs only to have most of it go to waste, yet the don’t consider the excessive amount of sperm men create as a waste. ?New research found that the sperms aren’t that forceful and what actually matters is that the surface of the egg is what traps the sperm, showing that eggs are more active than previously thought. This shows that the relationship between the egg and the sperm is interactive. Even with this new research, the egg is still viewed in a bad light. ?The more active role of the egg is seen as too aggressiv e and the reproductive system of women as a dangerous place since it tries to kill sperm cells that enter it. How does Ortner explain why women are universally put in an inferior position to men? Do you agree with her argument? Why or why not? Support your view with evidence. Ortner argues that the subordination of women is a universal idea by referring to how a lot of anthropological literatures show accounts of how women are devalued in society. Symbolic acts of women are believed to justify their inferior role. Menstruation is considered a symbolic act that restricts the freedom of women. During a women’s menstruation period, she was not allowed to come near sacred objects because of the fear that she might contaminate them. Menstruation was believed to be a threat of warfare. ?Social and political structures also serve to affect the status of women in societies, and exclude women from participating in areas with people of high authority. ?Women are associated with nature while men are associated with culture, and culture is typically viewed as superior to nature.Men use their creativity to create technology and symbols that are transcendental and last for eternity, while women are restricted by their natural duties that involve reproduction and creating life.  ¦Destruction of life by men has more prestige and is viewed as transcendental, while creation of life by women is regarded as less important.  ¦The things that men create last forever while what women produce are doomed to die.  ¦The reason why women are associated with nature more is because of their physiology, social role, and psyche. ?No I do not agree with Ortner.I believe that these views are socially constructed, and that we’ve evolved past them. Week 5: What are the five different economic systems in the world? Define each briefly. ?Forager: hunting and gathering; moving from place to place; gender roles due to unequal division of labor, egalitarian (old people are respect ed). ?Horticulture: Cultivation with simple tools, fields not permanent property (slash and burn) mobility, depend on rainfall. ?Agriculture: Use animals for food and labor. These groups are less mobile, live in larger and more permanent settlements, and use advanced irrigation systems. Pastoral: Focus on domesticated animals for food; nomadic. ?Industrial: Mechanized forces, factories, and technology for mass production; increased population density. Briefly explain the three basic principles that govern exchanges according to Karl Polanyi. ?The Market Principle: Supply and Demand, Capitalism. Coffee beans they were selling. Export of crop. ?Redistribution: Socialism; Goods move from local level to center: taxation, welfare. Redistributing the pigs and wealth within the people. ?Reciprocity: exchange between those who are socially equal (gift economies); want to give back.What is a moral economy? What is a system of total service defined by Marcel Mauss? ?Moral Economy: A type of e conomy in which economic activities are an integral part of social relations and moral obligations. Economic and non-economic activities and institutions are embedded in one another. Economic activities and exchange systems are governed by conceptions of social justice, norms, and expectations. ?Systems of total service – The exchange is not solely about property and wealth, but also about the social and moral obligations. Part of the more general and enduring contract.According to Marcel Mauss, why does a gift have the special power to cause its recipient to pay it back? ?The Power – Gifts are never â€Å"free,† so they give rise to reciprocal exchanges. The giver does not merely give an object, but also a part of him/herself. This intrinsic bondage weighs on the conscience of the recipient. What is potlatch? How do Ruth Benedict, Marcel Mauss, and Marvin Harris explain why potlatch exists? ?Potlatch means to give away, or a gift; it is a festival ceremony, and its goal is to give away joy and wealth – more than the rival. Explanations – 0Ruth Benedict: Driven by obsession with prestige and status, (because the more that you give the more prestige you claim). 0Marcel Mauss: Compelled by reciprocity, (responding to a positive action with another positive action, rewarding kindness). 0Marvin Harris: Serves an economic purpose (rational cultural adaptation). Says that potlatch is a logical cultural mechanism. Says that participating in potlatches creates a constant flow of goods. Serves as an economic purpose, human social life is a response to practical problems of earthly existence.

Film poster analysis

Undertaking 1 -Film poster- analysis Film postings are a manner of advancing a movie ; they can be viewed on coach Michigans, the side of coachs, hoardings, E postings and cinema’s. Their purpose is to pull people’s attending so that they can acquire them interested in the merchandise, the movie posting is an of import factor as it is esential for the significance of the movie to be clearly conveyed to the audience. If the targeted audience for the movie is unabled to understand the posting, the movie may free out on possible viewers.A movie posting can incorporate stills from the movie, images of the characters or any objects or points that have relevence to the movies genre or story.The images help to potray the narration of the movies and gives a intimation to the audience about what the movie could be approximately, this is why its ever of import for the message to be clear.In this assignment I will be analysing two movie postings for different genres of movies sing its mark audience, content, codifica tion and conventions and manners of reference. Case study 1- Sinister The first movie posting that I will be analyzing is for the movie‘Sinister’ ( 2012 )directed by Scott Derickson, the movie was released on the 12 October 2012 and belongs to the horror film genre. The mark audience for this movie is people aged 15-35, while the official age evaluation that this film was given was a 15, this mean that the movie contains content that is non suited for anyone of a younger age ; this is a common age limitation that is used for horror films. The genre of horror films is most popular amongst the socio economic group C2, with males and females under the age of 25. The geo-demographic audience for this movie are Americans as this is where the movie was foremost released, it was later on released into other state. The movie has a reasonably low budget and does non incorporate any major histrions or actresses. The movie posting displays the typical horror movie conventions particularly as the color strategy of the posting is really common with the usage of ruddy and black, movies such as‘Friday and the 13th’( 2009 )and‘Mirrors’ ( 2008) contain these colorss on their posting, doing it really easy to observe the genre of the movie. The posting is really minimalistic, as the chief colors that are used for the background of the posting are dull. Colorss have a big influence within the posting and demo different significance ; the four chief colorss that are used for the posting are ruddy, white, gray and black. The coloring material ruddy represents blood and decease, and contrasts with the dull white background, doing the deformed face stand out. Additionally the color white in the posting appears to be polysemic as the scene of this posting seems to be in white room within a house ; the white coloring material of the wall can stand for an absence of coloring materia l, which helps to reflect the soulless temper in the posting, instead the color white can besides mean the pureness and artlessness that the small girl possess. The usage of the color black symbolises the darkness and emptiness that can be seen, while the usage of Grey is used to stipulate the dark and eerie nature of the movie, this content is of import to assist reflect the general ambiance of the posting. The chief rubric is placed in a cardinal place merely above the chief image, the name of the rubric ‘Sinister’ signifies evil and enigma and it appears in the Centre of the page in black. The coloring material of the rubric adds to its dark and shady visual aspect. The rubric is in a seriph fount which is a typical manner used in many supernatural horror posters.The lighting in the posting is ambient doing the posting expression realistic, adding to the disturbing quality, this shows the audience, that supernatural happenings may go on at any minute. Although it is non clear from the posting where the narrative of the movie is located, the dawdler for the movie shows, that the chief scene of the movie is in a house where a series of slayings have occurred. The immature miss that appears on the posting is besides a stereotyped characteristic of horror movies as girls/women are presented as weak and vulnerable. She appears to be have oning white pajama which represents artlessness and besides has relevancy to the girl’s mental province. She is seen smearing blood across the wall, this may bespeak that the immature miss may mean that she has been taken over by an evil force, a kid is really guiltless but portrayed in a ‘sinister way’ . The immature misss is turned off with her face confronting the wall, doing the audience admiration what she could look like, this adds an air of enigma to the posting. It besides leads the audience to inquire if the miss has been possessed by the evil entity that is smeared in bloo d across the wall. The text at the top of the page says ‘from the manufacturer of’ the movies‘Insidious’ ( 2011 )and‘Paranormal Activity’ ( 2011 )these movies were successful, and people may believe that this movie will be as interesting, as they have been produced by the same individual. Because of the low budget of the movie it does non have any noteworthy histrions or actresses in a big or clear infinite on the posting. The building of the content is notably different to Hollywood films, that usually highlight the stars of the movie rather boldly this posting has their names really little at the underside of the page. On the left manus side of the posting at that place person. The posting says that it is â€Å"coming soon† by non giving an exact day of the month the spectator of the posting may experience compelled to research the movie to happen out when it will be released. An extra component of the posting is a movie tape which has been positioned onto the floor beneath the deformed figure on the wall. The tape appears to hold been played and so interrupt, the tape could hold been viewed by the immature miss taking to her ownership. Beneath the rubric on the posting, the ticket line that is used is â€Å"Once you see him, nil can salvage you† , this manner of reference is presented to the audience in an informal manor, as horror films are made to seek and frighten the spectator and does non hold an of import message to present. This is a typical linguistic used for this genre as they want to utilize sentences that add to the horror of the posting, this adds to the enigma of the movie and addresses the spectator of the posting straight. The usage of the word him indicates that ‘him’ may hold relevancy to the figured smeared in blood, it creates enigma of what the movie is really approximately but besides intimations at what can be expected. They have used a simple text, in black that is bold and formidable. Another characteristic included at the underside of the web site is a nexus to a web site called www.HaveYouSeenHim.com ; this is used to lure the spectator and adds to the expectancy environing the movie. The image of the face that is seen on the posting is used in all of the publications that were used to advance the film, demoing the consistence of its selling run, this helps the association with the movie more recognizable. Case study 2-Mean Girls The 2nd movie that I will be analyzing is‘Mean Girls ‘ ( 2004) directed by Mark Waters. The movie was released on April the thirtieth 2004 ; the genre of the film is comedy. The mark audience for this movie is females around the age of 13-20 old ages old, this movie is likely to aim misss who are in the socio economic group E as the audience of the movie will chiefly dwell of adolescents. The geo-demographic of this movie would besides be Americans particularly as the location of this movie is set in a typical American high school. This allows the audience to associate to the character scenarios.unlike the movie‘Sinister’ ( 2012 )the film features chiefly popular histrion and actress and targets a mainstream audience. The chief coloring material codifications and convections that are used within the posting are normally associated with a ‘chick flick’ this is indicated by pinks and purples used for the posting, which intimation at the female audience of the film. Other movies that show color strategies, like this are‘Bridesmaids’ ( 2011 )and‘Legally Blonde’ ( 2001 )these movies have a female led dramatis personae, the colorss used aid to tie in it to the mark audience. The colorss are really light and bright screening that the film is non of a serious disposition and is a really light hearted movie. The coloring material pink indicates that the film may hold a subject of passion and love affair, where as the darker pink shows the fun nature of the movie. The color pink can besides bespeak friendly relationship ; from this the audience may see that friendly relationship may be formed between the characters. The color purple is used for the background of the po sting, this coloring material besides signifies love affair but besides indicates royalty, this suggests that the ‘mean girls’ in the film could be seen as royalty in at that place high school environment. The images used in the movie posting have the typical conventions of a female oriented film as the images of the characters are all female ; this tells the audience who the chief mark is for the movie is. The characters that appear on the right had side of the posting are portrayed in a typical girly manor with the outfits that they are have oning, they are stood really confidently with one of the misss cardinal bespeaking that she may be the leader as her pose suggests power and authorization. The manner that these characters are presented, gives an thought of the narration of the narrative by demoing that they may be the ‘mean misss ‘ in the film. This is really different to the other character that appears less confidently, she is portrayed more modestly so the other characters dressed in denims and a shirt. The misss are separated by the rubric this may propose the thought of her being the castaway in the movie. The average misss besides appear to be looking down at t he audience of the posting. The posting features the chief actresses name rather mostly, this is really different to the sinister posting, as Lindsey Lohan was a really succesful actress let go ofing many adolescent movies like‘Freaky Friday’ ( 2003 )and‘Get a Clue’ ( 2002 )to a similar type of demographic at the clip it was relevent to put her name on the movies posting to pull her fans to watch the movie.Another name that is on the posting is Tina Fey, it is relevant that her name was metioned as she has been a successful actress and author on comedy shows such as‘Saturday Night Live ‘if the audience recognise that she is involved in the movie they may believe that it will be amusing to watch. The rubric â€Å" Average Girls † instantly indicates to the audience the thought of what the movie is about and outlines the general subjects that may be, the rubric typography on the page stands out to the remainder of the context, and is placed vertically this seperates the characters, from the manner the characters are presented who are given thought as to who the average misss may be.The rubric uses a pink coloring material which keeps it relevent to the mark audience.On the page, the word â€Å"Mean† is bold and in capital letters, puting more accent on the movie this indicates that there may be a batch off issue of struggle in the movie. The word ‘girl ‘ re-addresses the audience once more ; proposing that the movie is aiming girls.The typography makes a statement and helps to reflect the ‘bold ‘ characters that will be seen in the movie. The tagline that is used in the movie is is â€Å"Watch your back† ; it is positioned on the posting underneath the three misss which suggests the possible narration for the film.It besides gives the thought that are struggle may originate between the chief characters that are included on the posting. This lingual is used as it is a typical average thing to say.altough the tagline isnt a cardinal characteristic on the page like a standered convection it is still stands out and appears larger than a typical film posting of this genre It besides has the release day of the month underneath it in bright pink and this makes it more seeable to the audience. Unlike the ‘Sinister’ ( 2012 ) posting there is non any demand for them to keep back this day of the month to assist with suspence, as they would desire the audience to cognize when the movie was being released so that people can portion the day of the month with friends and portion the posting. Similarly to the sinister film, the charge block used for the movie in a really little, a web site is provided leting viewing audiences to look at extra content that is associated with the film and to happen out more about. It besides states the film is distributed by paramount images which instantly suggests that the movie has a big budget. Undertaking B Once a media merchandise is made it is of import to garner feedback about it to see what an audience thinks, this can be done with focal point groups, reappraisals and tests and proving, this research can give the movie company the necessary feedback to do any accommodations sing the film. Focus group One manner of acquiring feedback from an audience is by utilizing a focal point group, a focal point group is a signifier of qualitative research in which a group of people will discourse there sentiments, beliefs, outlooks and attitudes towards are product/service they are used on a regular basis while in the procedure of marketing a movie. It is good to hold a focal point group treatment for a movie so that a manufacturer can acquire a good elaborate response from the mark audiences of the movie. From this they can take in the audience’s feedback and expression at doing any accommodations to the parts of the movie. For illustration the manufacturer of the movie may sit down with participants and inquire them inquiries such as ‘opinions of the characters? ’ and ‘if they like the general thought of the movie ‘ . Reappraisals Reappraisals are conducted after the release of the movie, but are indispensable for the movie company to see the idea and sentiments of the audience. Reviewing can fall into two classs these are user generated to reappraisals and critics reappraisals. A critic reappraisal is normally written by an official referee who will be paid to make it, they will normally acquire to see the movie in progress so that the reappraisal will be released in clip, for the general audience. The reappraisal gives the audience an sentiment of the movie so that they can bet on whether or non they want to travel and watch it. A professional reappraisal will look at facets including things such acting, composing, filming and way. User generated reappraisals are a manner for the movies audience to reexamine a movie this is usually done on societal networking, IMDB and rotten tomatoes, this is a utile manner for the movie company to have reappraisals from its targeted audience to see their response to it and what they need to differently following clip. Trial and proving Before let go ofing a movie it is of import to how the audience reacts to it, a trial showing is a prevue of the movie that is carried before the general release of the movie to bet on the general audience reaction. The prevue audiences are normally selected from the mark audience for the movie, after the testing the audience are asked to react to the movie, by either finishing a questionnaire or any other signifier of feedback. for illustration after the movie‘Titanic ‘ ( 1997 )was screened the audience thought that the movie lasted excessively long, this resulted in 45 proceedingss of the movie being cut from the concluding version. Other movies such as ‘Charlie’s Angels: Full Throttle’ ( 2003 ) failed to make any trial showing which is frequently thought as the ground why it was unsuccessful. MentionsWebsiteDate accessedhypertext transfer protocol: //www.imdb.com/title/tt0377092/27/09/14onlinehypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_Girls27/09/14onlinehypertext transfer protocol: //www.imdb.com/title/tt1922777/27/09/14onlinehypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinister_ ( movie )02/09/14onlinehypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_group02/10/14onlinehypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review02/10/14onlinehypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_screening02/10/14online

The Implications Of Smoking Marijuana - 1621 Words

Introduction Marijuana is and always will be America’s hallmark drug. Its appearance into this country was in the 1920s when Mexican immigrants brought the drug from their country. Its popularity has boomed across America thus making it the most consumed drug in our country. It’s also referred to as pot, grass, reefer, weed, herb, Mary Jane, or brown sugar. It is a greenish-brown mixture of parts of the plant including; stems, seeds, and dried shredded leaves. What makes marijuana so attractive is a major active chemical called delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). THC is the chemical in marijuana that gives users the feeling of euphoria. However, although it does cause pleasure to the user it also causes adverse reactions that can lead to long-term complications. The implications of smoking marijuana carry both psychological and social threats to the individual user. Immediate Effects Once it has been smoked, marijuana has an immediate effect on the brain that last from 1-3 hours. â€Å"As THC enters the brain, it causes a user to feel euphoric – or â€Å"high† – by acting in the brain’s reward system areas of the brain that respond to stimuli such as food and drink as well as most drugs of abuse,† (Thomson). Marijuana stimulates the brain significantly. This high leads the users to experience pleasant sensations, colors and sounds, and time may appear to pass very slowly. While these sensations are pleasant, negative consequences begin to arise after the high sensation is overShow MoreRelatedShould Cigarettes Be Banned in the U.S.?1444 Words   |  6 Pagescigarettes also cause a whole host of health implications to the user and the people around him or her. Aside from these health implications, cigarettes should not be banned in the U.S. because of the exaggeration of the results of secondhand smoking, the similarity of the Pr ohibition era, the devastation of the U.S. economy, and the freedom of one’s own actions. The two main reasons why people want cigarettes to be banned is because of the health implications it causes to oneself and others around himRead MoreShould Cigarettes Be Banned in the U.S.?1400 Words   |  6 Pagescigarettes also cause a whole host of health implications to the user and people around him or her. Albeit these health implications, cigarettes should not be banned in the U.S. because of the exaggeration of the results of secondhand smoking, the similarity of the Prohibition era, it would cripple the U.S. economy, and the freedom of one’s own actions. The two main reasons why people want cigarettes to be banned is because of the health implications it causes to oneself and others around him orRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana Research Paper1726 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana is a very popular drug that many people have used. Over 98 million people over the age of 12 in the United States have smoked marijuana. It is known under many different names such as: weed, bud, ganja, hashish, doobie, reefer, mary-jane and grass. It plays quite a substantial role in modern day pop culture and almost everyone over the age of 16 knows what it is. Despite all this, marijuana is illegal and in most states a person can be sent to jail for the possession of less than a gramRead MoreHigh School Vs. New Jersey Court Case Essay1660 Words   |  7 Pagesit is wrong to go through someone else’s stuff without their permission. This usually continues when you are in high school and the school administrator goes through your purse. This is what happened for T.L.O. when she was a freshman caught smoking marijuana in the bathroom and the vice principle thought that it was okay to look through her purse for proof of what she had done. They both obviously did something that was going to be seen as wrong to different people. Today we will discuss how theRead MoreThe Use Of Marijuana And Its Effects On Education852 Words   |  4 Pagesconcerns of substance (marijuana) use by the child. During this meeting, Parent A reported further concerns of substance use, and states that she had discovered, â€Å"An ounce† of marijuana within Derek’s belongings. Parent A also reported continued concerns of low academic and recreational activity performance from Derek, and states, â€Å"He just doesn’t care.† Parent A, also mentioned that she is feeling unsupported by Parent B, stating that parent B and the child, Derek, are smoking marijuana together. ParentRead MoreShould Marijuana be Legal in Canada1093 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana is a drug that is prepared from the bloom head (flower) of cannabis plant and it is utilized as a medication in some conditions, such as, glaucoma and so forth. This pill has some destructive impacts and is recognized as illegal medication apart from a few states in United States and Amsterdam. Marijuana is a widespread drug and has damaging consequences for individuals. An enormous debate has started, in numerous countries should consumption of Marijuana should to be legalized or not?Read MoreMarijuana: Good or Bad?1032 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Marijuana: Good or Bad? There has been a major debate on if marijuana should be made legal. Statistics show that about 443, 000 people die every year due to a tobacco related illness and there has been no evidence to support that there have been fatalities that are marijuana related. Tobacco is harmful to the lungs and can cause lung cancer, bronchitis, and emphysema. Jacques and van Luling (2013) explained that in 2010, 38, 329 people died from drug overdoses. Sixty percent of those wereRead MoreMarijuana Is A Safe And Non Addictive Drug1094 Words   |  5 Pagesis Marijuana, which is made from a Cannabis plant (Merrill 308). Many people have come to the conclusion that Marijuana is a safe and non-addictive drug because of the legalization of Marijuana in the United States. Unbeknown to the public, the carcinogenic compounds are actually greater in Marijuana than in cigarettes (Cohen, qtd. in Margolis 9). Subsequently, studies show that Marijuana ultimately impacts every primary system in the body (Ma rgolis 12). Furthermore, over the years Marijuana hasRead MoreTeens Experience Dramatic Physical And Mental Changes1250 Words   |  5 Pages John Gabriel Navarro Andre Dominic Peralta English 27 D Some teenagers these days are influenced to smoke marijuana, smoke cigarette and drink liquors because of peer pressure. Background on Teens Teens experience dramatic physical and mental changes. In line with this, they are undergoing cognitive changes that allow them to think more deeply (Schulenburg, 2007) Causing them to have the sense of responsibility, independence and the authority from surprising features of theRead MoreNew Jersey V. Case Analysis731 Words   |  3 PagesO. (1985) is a court case heard and ruled on by the Supreme Court of the United States. The case dealt with the constitutionality of the search of a public school student after she had gotten caught smoking in a public school bathroom. The search provided evidence of drug paraphernalia, marijuana, and the intent of sale of drugs. The student fought the charges, stating that the search violated her Fourth Amendment rights. The United States Supreme Court ruled 6-3, that the search was reasonable

Computers Highly Contribute Of Dentistry Advancement

COMPUTERS highly CONTRIBUTE OF DENTISTRY ADVANCEMENT 1Mogahid Abdelrahman Yousif Dean Faculty of Dentistry Uof G 2Murtada Khalafallah Elbashir U of G Dean Faculty of Computer and Mathematical SciencesØ © Abstract Computer is basically an electronic device which can convert data into information at a very high speed and in a reliable and accurate way. It has a large and perfect memory that enables it to handle large volumes of data and analyze it to come up with logical decisions. It has been applied in various medical fields. In this paper we discuss its application in preventive and curative dentistry, where it becomes a powerful tool in educational dentistry, surgery, radiology, etc. Introduction The computer as a tool has become a necessity in dental clinics. It is no longer used as a luxury, but as a powerful tool that is available for a variety of applications related to education and professional development. Computers play tremendous role in different educational and clinical dental displenses as surgery ,periodontolyg, conservative dentistry, lazer, endodontic ,orthodontic, prosthodontic , radiology, implantology ,fronsic and community dentistry. There are many computer programs that were designed to help in accomplishing dental work. The first computer program on a large scale was started in 1981 by SCICON and was commissioned by British Dental Association. Since then computers are being used in community dentistry programs and other fields of dentistry andShow MoreRelatedSocial Impact of Technology4403 Words   |  18 Pagesproductive processes. Technology is developed in response to a human want or need. The acceptance of technology is determined by how well it s atisfies people’s needs and how the technology impacts on health, wellbeing and lifestyle. Technological advancement could be: * Tools, gadgets, hardware; for example:- mobile phones, MP3 players, webcams; * Technological systems: for example:- robotics, satellites, communication; * Routines,procedures or techniques; for example:- medical, surveillanceRead MoreThe Impact of Mining4891 Words   |  20 Pages3900 metres deep. The hard rock mining method is accompanied by chemical benefaction where chemicals such as activated carbon or say cyanide is added to rough ore and then processed, sometimes by water or heat, agitation and electro-winning. The advancement of the modern gold benefaction can produce gold of a staggering 99.9999% purity. Over fifty per cent of the world’s gold reserves are found in South Africa. The world’s largest gold reef deposit is found in Witwatersrand. By 2007, the gold miningRead MoreProceedings Of The Second Conference On Human Capital Development9482 Words   |  38 Pagesobjective. Introduction It is my pleasure to be invited to participate and by extension asked to deliver a keynote address at the opening ceremony of the workshop on the theme: Self Development for Organizational Effectiveness. I want to say that I feel highly honoured by this recognition. On behalf of management, staff and students of the College, I welcome the organizers, resource persons and all the participants to this workshop and indeed the College. Let me quickly commend the organizers for theirRead More2006 Arroyo Case Study31910 Words   |  128 Pageshealth education, and reception. AF’s information technology is managed by Desert Data Solutions (DDS). It includes support for an electronic health record (EHR) integrated with the billing and scheduling system. All staff members have access to computers and the wide array of data and information on the AF intranet. The innovative Care Connection Kiosk (CCK) is a portable, multi-use unit developed in collaboration with CactusCom, a telecommunications partner. P.1a(5) Legal and regulatory environment:Read More2006 Arroyo Case Study31910 Words   |  128 Pageshealth education, and reception. AF’s information technology is managed by Desert Data Solutions (DDS). It includes support for an electronic health record (EHR) integrated with the billing and scheduling system. All staff members have access to computers and the wide array of data and information on the AF intranet. The innovative Care Connection Kiosk (CCK) is a portable, multi-use unit developed in collaboration with CactusCom, a telecommunications partner. P.1a(5) Legal and regulatory environment:Read MoreUnited Arab of Emirates Country Notebook18844 Words   |  76 Pageseducation. In 2007/2008 United Nations Development program report the UAE ranked 29th among 177 countries in the Gender Empowerment Measures to promote gender equality and women empowerment, the best rating received in the Arab world. Despite this advancement in the female role, still the Emirates society is Patriarchy or male dominant society as Men continue to be employed in high state administration and women don’t play significant role in politics or religious life as these areas are considered maleRead MoreUnited Arab of Emirates Country Notebook18844 Words   |  76 Pageseducation. In 2007/2008 United Nations Development program report the UAE ranked 29th among 177 countries in the Gender Empowerment Measures to promote gender equality and women empowerment, the best rating received in the Arab world. Despite this advancement in the female role, still the Emirates society is Patriarchy or male dominant society as Men continue to be employed in high state administration and women don’t play significant role in politics or religious life as these areas are considered maleRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesManagement Functions 6 †¢ Management Roles 6 †¢ Management Skills 8 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 Psychology 14 †¢ Social Psychology 14 †¢ Sociology 14 †¢ Anthropology 14 There Are Few Absolutes in OB 14 Challenges and Opportunities for OB 15 Responding to Economic Pressures 15 †¢ Responding to Globalization 16 †¢ Managing WorkforceRead Morepreschool Essay46149 Words   |  1 85 Pagesthem enter kindergarten ready for school. All too often, children are already lagging behind their classmates, and this circumstance can impede their continued learning and development long past kindergarten. High-quality preschool teaching contributes to children’s longrange social and academic success, as well as their ability to express themselves creatively through the arts, their capacity to engage in physically challenging activities, and their development of lifelong health habits. ChildrenRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 PagesThis case explores some of the trends affecting the ethical (research-based) sector of the industry and invites readers to prepare their own analysis. Industry evolution As described in Box 1, the pharmaceutical industry is characterised by a highly risky and lengthy RD process, intense competition for intellectual property, stringent government regulation and powerful purchaser pressures. How has this unusual picture come about? The origins of the modern pharmaceutical industry can be traced

Modest Proposal Analysis Essay - 1122 Words

â€Å"A Modest Proposal† is an essay written by Jonathan Swift as a reaction to the social problem faced by the Irish in 1720’s. Swift’s daring dark and social satire and dark irony to make a statement in this literary work triggered the minds of the rich Englishmen and Irish landlords to question their actions towards the poor Irish people. By giving a drop of horror and barbarity sarcastically, Swift was able to attack the practices of those who were seated in power and exploited the rights of the impoverished. In â€Å"A Modest Proposal†, Jonathan Swift attacks the English and Irish aristocracy through the use of satire, metaphor, and irony. By equipping his literary work with sarcasm, Swift was able to create a whole new sense of scope that†¦show more content†¦Swift’s usage of satire deeply qualifies the aristocracy to the level of being a cannibal that is molded in his need not to be taken literally of a proposal. The use of metaphor in this particular piece further Swifts initiation of plan to attack the aristocrats as it is written. The barbarity that Swift alludes in the overall surface reading that can be seen through in his proposal presents the state that the aristocrats had chose to fall into for their actions were deeply damned. When Swift mentions how he â€Å"grant this food will be somewhat dear, and therefore very proper for landlords,† he is already making a comparison of the landlords to the cannibals for they had already done the most horrifying exploitation to the Irish peasants. Swift is putting the landlords into a category that symbolize an outward manifestation of cannibalism because of the cruelty that tropes their actions. Swifts synonymous presentation of this picture in his proposal criticize the most obvious act of cruelty that is perversive and too terrifying to be committed for those who are in power. The assailing step that Swift further on had demonstrate t he defamation that is triggered by his pity and deep contempt in which he continuously develop as an image that is perhaps considered most morally depraved with their own practices itself. This then turn into a reprimand that solely lies behind a figure of speech that was admonished by theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis on a Modest Proposal1421 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish Commentary – Digression â€Å" A modest proposal† by Jonathan Swift is a rhetoric piece that satirizes the dismal political, social and economic conditions in 18th century Ireland. As a solution, the preposterous proposal suggests that the Irish eat their own babies; as it is logically viable, and economically profitable: a condition adhering to the rational mentality of the age of reason. Swift develops his argument on two levels: A seemingly intellectual persona, caricaturized on a stereotypicalRead MoreA Modest Proposal Analysis Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesA Modest Proposal Literary Analysis By J--- ----------- J--- ----------- Mr. H----- Period 6 2 May 2011 Jonathan Swift’s Use of Satire and Exaggeration Satire is a form of literature in which an author tries to demonstrate his or her point of view by ridiculing. The author uses heavy irony and sarcasm in order to criticize a social issue. A perfect example of a work of satire is Jonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal. In this satirical essay, Jonathan Swift attacks on the issue of theRead MoreAnalysis of A Modest Proposal873 Words   |  4 Pages Jonathan Swift, the writer of the satirical essay A Modest Proposal, grew up and lived in Ireland during times of famine and economic struggles (Conditions). Growing up with a single mother and no father, Swift knew what hard times and struggles were like (Jonathan Swift: Biography). His essay proposes an easy solution to the economic problems going on in Ireland for both the wealthy ruling classes and the poorer classes, although his intentions and the meaning behind his words are not what wouldRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of A Modest Proposal 1863 Words   |  8 PagesRhetorical An alysis: A Modest Proposal In â€Å"A Modest Proposal,† Jonathan Swift provides a satirical exploration of the attitudes of the wealthy people towards the underprivileged and poor children in the society. Laymen and intellectuals during the late seventeenth century distributed political pamphlets containing different ideas throughout Ireland. In his essay, Swift utilizes some of the overlooked pamphlets during this period and develops an ironic proposal. As a colony of the British, IrelandRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article A Modest Proposal 1482 Words   |  6 Pages The article â€Å"A Modest Proposal† is a proposal made by a man named Jonathan Swift who is also known for Gulliver’s Travels which is another well spoken essay of satire. When the people of Dublin are suffering from poverty and overpopulation, Swift writes up a satirical hyperbole that mocks the heartless Irish attitudes towards the poor. The bottleneck effect of people was so dreadful that all the Catholic families of Dublin were not able to support their own children. Due to these conditions SwiftRead MoreEssay on Analysis of A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift1081 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift In his biting political satire called ?A Modest Proposal,? Jonathan Swift seeks to create empathy for the poor through his ironic portrayal of the children of Irish beggars as commodities that can be regulated and even eaten. He is able to poke fun at the dehumanization of the multitudes of poor people in Ireland by ironically commenting on what he sees as an extension of the current situation. Swift?s essay seeks to comment on the terribleRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of a Modest Proposal Essay1216 Words   |  5 PagesAll the Wrong Things Swift’s â€Å"A Modest Proposal† written in 1729 was his proposal â€Å"for preventing the children of poor people in Ireland, from being a burden on their parents or country, and for making them beneficial to he publick† (Swift, Title). This proposal included the selling, skinning and buying of babies at the age of one. This proposal that he has come up with is a very inhuman and controversial one when it comes to being socially acceptable. Swift begins his essay by describingRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Swift s A Modest Proposal1076 Words   |  5 Pages Mansoon Acharya Kayla Schreiber H1003 October 10, 2017 Rhetorical Analysis on Swift’s A Modest Proposal A Modest Proposal is a sarcastic humored essay that examines the attitude of the rich towards the poor starving children in their society. Swift uses many rhetorical devices. Swift uses logical metaphors, repetition, and humor, satire and sarcasm tone to point out the negative attitudes. He starts by blaming the mothers of the children by telling them they should work hard and work honestly insteadRead MoreAnalysis Of Swift s A Modest Proposal 1546 Words   |  7 Pagesvaluable rhetorical tools to expose faults and make a point (New Oxford American Dictionary). Both Jonathan Swift and William Blake confront social systems of oppression in their literary careers, most notably with A Modest Proposal and Songs of Innocence respectively. Swift’s A Modest Proposal is an address to the wealthy English and appeal to the consumerism that drives economic exploitation that causes inequity and poverty. Due to the tense political climate and potential ramifications of his criticismRead MoreAn Analysis Of Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift1777 Words   |  8 Pages 2015 The Irony in Cannibalism Humor in serious topics can bring the light side of things and can also bring more attention than just talking about them. In â€Å"Modest Proposal† written by Jonathan Swift, he uses humor to talk about the famine that was happening back then and proposes an economical idea. By using the word â€Å"Proposal† in his title, he gives a reasonably suggestion to aid the Irish, Swift mentions them one by one the many benefits and counters the objections many may have, uses rhetorical

Slavery DBQ free essay sample

At the birth of the United States, around 1775 to 1830, Americans took up a new identity. This identity on its face was considered to be liberating and largely democratic, to the point where the American constitution even states that everyman deserves life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Although this is how the fathers of America wanted their country to be portrayed. The reality was, not everyone was allowed his or her constitutional rights.Albeit many groups were deprived of these rights, the cultural/racial group at the riverfront was the African slaves and their freed peers, who still struggled to obtain these rights once becoming free. Despite these struggles many slaves obtained freedom through petitions and letters to their owners (Docs B) and some earned their freedom by fighting in wars (Doc A). Due to economic reasons however, many slaves were trapped by slavery (Doc C).These slaves and freedmen that fall under this category responded in both positive ways, such as peaceful petitions (Doc J), and negative ways, such as rebellions (Doc G J). We will write a custom essay sample on Slavery DBQ or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As previously stated the freed African Americans, and slaves of the late 8th century and early 1 9th century seemed to be omitted from the constitutional rights of America, even being referred to as other persons in the constitution. Despite this fact many slave still wanted to become free, which forced the number of freed African Americans to increase.This was best indicated in (Doc. A), which infers that many slaves, about 40,000 to be exact, responded to the British in search of freedom, in turn increasing the number of freed African Americans. This trend is also portrayed in (Doc. B) shows one of the peaceful ways freed African Americans found to raise wariness of the discrimination brought upon them, through written petitions. On the other hand (Doc. H) shows how the non-freed slaves used written petitions to work towards the emancipation of slavery. (Doc.F) also supports this idea because it shows how African Americans responded to their desire to become free with the use of letters to their slaveholders to allow them to buy their freedom, if they could save up the money to do so. Even though the numbers of freed slaves increased the number of enslaved Africans also increased, this was best portrayed in the maps of (Doc. C). With his document, and some additional knowledge you are able to infer not only that cotton production increased, but also that the number of freed slave increased in the North between 1790 and 1830.There was an increase in the production of cotton because America increases in size and population because of the Louisiana Purchase, which cause a greater demand. This increase in demand spurred great ideas, such as the cotton gin, by great men such as, Eli Whitney. The invention of the cotton gin is significant, because this invention would have sped up the process Of removing seeds from cotton. This invention would have required an increase in raw material, and to produce these slaveholders would need more slaves.Even with these trends of increasing freedom, both the slaves and their freed peers faced challenges and responded in deferent ways depending on their situations. Doc. (G J) best portrays the negative responses of the African slaves when faced with discrimination. (Doc. G) shows the constant longing for freedom expressed by the slaves. This longing overwhelmed many of the slaves, which caused many slaves to respond by following the lead of Liverwurst Outstations slave revolt n Haiti and biblical inspirations, to begin revolts of there own in the states.Challenges that were faced by the freed African Americans were as equally harsh. These so-called freed African Americans were discriminated against, taxed without representation and were deprived of property rights. (Doc. J) on the other hand shows both a positive and potentially negative response by African Americans. This document shows that freed slaves are willing to be cordial, but also states that some African Americans were willing to respond with violence, because of the account by David Walker, to gain the rights they let that they deserve.Despite the Myriad of challenges that blacks had to endure, there were many people in America, both black and white that stepped up and helped both the enslaved Africans and the freed African Americans. This is shown in (Doc. E), which portrays the response and admiration of some African Americans and how they were able to look past the color of the white, and see someone who could help him or her politically. Which was successful in the sense that laws were past by white politicians such as the Missouri Compromise, which worked towards getting rid of slavery.

Music Therapy Essays - Health, Music Therapy, Psychotherapy, Therapy

Music Therapy Music therapy is the prescribed use of music and musical interventions in order to restore, maintain, and improve emotional, physical, physiological, and spiritual health and well-being (Lindberg). So one finds the selections under the New Age/Relaxation section of the record store about as relaxing as water torture? Just because one's taste runs more to Sousa than to soothing doesn't mean one can't reap all these relaxation benefits music is supposed to have. Music therapy works primarily by changing moods, which alters brain chemistry. This can have many effects--making concentration easier, easing anxiety and fostering patience(Hendrick-16). "Music," as the old saying goes, "has charms to soothe the savage beast." It can improve a person's psychological, cognitive, and social functioning--especially when it has familiar lyrics that evoke pleasant memories and a strong , repetitive beat that makes it easy to follow along (Sacks). "(Rhythm) is there in the cycles of the seasons, in the migrations of the birds and animals, in the fruiting and withering of plants, and in the birth, maturation, and death of ourselves."--Mickey Hart of Grateful Dead "(Music Therapy) can make the difference between withdrawal and awareness, between isolation and interaction, between chronic pain and comfort, between demoralization and dignity."--Barbara Crowe (Quotes About...) "It lifts us from our frozen mental habits and makes our minds move in ways they ordinarily cannot...when the sound stops, we fall back into our mental wheelchairs."-- Robert Jourdain (McDonnel-C05) Music Therapy benefits many types of people, such as the mentally ill, abused, terminally ill, developmental learning disabled, and academic learning disabled. The goals of music therapy include improving self-esteem, improving social interactions with peers, increasing participation, developing coping skills, reducing stress anxiety, creating a non-abusive lifestyle, decreasing fear, decreasing pain, and behavior management, just to name a few (Lindberg). "Almost all children respond to music. Music is an open-sesame and if you can use it carefully and appropriately, you can reach into that child's potential for development." --Dr. Clive Robbins (Quotes About..) Preliminary findings of a nearly completed study at Beth Israel to be published in 1998, show that music performs as well as or sometimes better than sedation in calming children before tests such as EEG's and CAT scans. Music has a lot of universality. You bypass so many barriers to communication, and it seems to reach more of the child than anything else." --Clive Robbins (McDonnel-C05) "In people who are depressed, the ratio of pleasant to unpleasant events gets out of balance." (Munson;Walsh42) It's likely that both the music and the human contact increased the number of pleasant events for people involved. "With music, it's not just that these pleasant events are happening to you. You are in some ways taking control to make the pleasant events happen." --Larry Thompson,PhD (Munson;Walsh-42) If anxiety is involved in depression, as it often is, the right kind of music may help someone de-stress. This doesn't necessarily mean you can blast Pearl Jam and call it therapy, or that you can write off your CD collection as a medical expense, but it might reinforce your idea that Glenn Miller means more than ocean sounds to your mental state (Munson;Walsh-42). Music can relieve stress whether the stress comes from the work-place or something more serious like a major illness (Luque). Ancient cultures used sound to affect the chemical balance of the brain. The positive statements were added to remove the feelings of helplessness from patients and return them to a sense of control. "(It might) not neccesarily cure them, but it can change things. It might not be quantity for extending life, but it is quality in enjoying life more. The brain is impacted by what it perceives. What we are trying to do is change the negative to a positive, and it all translates into physiology. It's more than just sounding mystical, a fantasy. There's medical reality. There is real potential for healing in music, imagery, and positive affirmations."--Dr. Lee S. Berk (Luque) It's hard for many mental patients to put their frustrations into words, but music therapy lets them communicate their feelings freely through the expression of enjoyment of music (Lindberg, B.). The music helps underscore the message (Hendrick-16). The order, harmony, and beauty of music seizes our imaginations and emotions and contrasts with the chaos of everyday life. "While physical movement is choked with the starts and stops and stumbles, music establishes a continuous flow, and does it in perfect proportions." --Robert Jourdain (McDonnell). "Patients can benefit from using music therapy as an active, creative, expression of their personality." --Rachel McCaffrey (Lindberg). "Music is an excellent therapy because is